1985: Inflammatory breast cancer: the experience of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program.
J Natl Cancer Inst 1985 Feb;74(2):291-7, Levine, PH, et al.
“The current status of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) among U.S. females was reviewed with the use of data abstracted from medical records of patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 1975 and 1981 in nine geographic areas covered by the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Patients were selected on the basis of reported clinical and pathologic features of IBC and were divided into 3 groups: I) both clinical and pathologic features of IBC; II) clinical features without pathologic confirmation; and III) pathologic evidence only. The age distribution of pathologically defined IBC, in general, showed younger ages than those for other breast cancers in both the white and black populations. Further analysis was restricted to white females due to the relatively small numbers of black and other nonwhite patients with IBC. The disease presentations of both clinically and pathologically defined IBC were similar with regard to the likelihood of the presence of metastases at initial staging. Survival was evaluated by comparison of patients with nonmetastatic (MO) disease. Three years after diagnosis, the relative survival rates among patients in groups I, II, and III were observed to be 34, 60, and 52%, respectively. Survival of patients with all other types of breast cancer was 90% at 3 years. The management of IBC appeared to differ from the treatment of other forms of breast cancer; chemotherapy was given more frequently as the first course of cancer-directed therapy in white SEER females with evidence of MO IBC compared with the group with MO non-IBC. When all possible combinations of initial therapy were considered, the treatment for IBC was more variable than the treatment for non-IBC.“
1985: Inflammatory Breast Cancer.
Surg Clin North Am 1985 Feb;65(1):151-60, Grace, WR, et al.
“Of all malignancies in women, perhaps none is as lethal or as frustrating to the surgeon as inflammatory breast cancer. No significant progress in curing or controlling inflammatory breast cancer was made until the last decade, when investigators, noting the futility of local therapies, applied systemic therapies with some significant improvement in survival. This article outlines the epidemiology, clinical signs, differential diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of this disease.“
1985: Breast cancer in women under 30 years of age.
Breast Cancer Res Treat 1985;6(2):137-44, Tabbane, F, et al.
“Conflicting opinions exist concerning clinical and pathological presentation, as well as evolution and prognosis, of breast cancer in young women. The roles of associated pregnancy and lactation on these parameters is also unclear. These two conditions are studied in the present work through the comparison of two breast cancer patient age groups: patients under the age of 30 (Group A) and premenopausal patients aged 45-49 (Group B). Rapidly growing and/or inflammatory breast cancer (rapidly progressing breast cancer: RPBC)–a special form of Breast Cancer with a poor prognosis very frequent in the Tunisian breast cancer population–was more often present among Group A patients. This difference is a consequence of the more frequent association of this breast cancer group with pregnancy or lactation; nearly all the cases of breast cancer associated with pregnancy or lactation are RPBC. For breast cancer without the pregnancy/lactation association, the younger group generally shows poorer histological grading and more severe evolution. The number of patients in our study is not really sufficient to allow statistically significant conclusions, but it does seem clear that young age and associated pregnancy/lactation are aggravating factors in Tunisian breast cancer patients.“
1985: Inflammatory breast carcinoma: a distinct entity?
J Surg Oncol 1985 Nov;30(3):152-5, Kokal, WA, et al.
“Sixty-four patients with the diagnosis of either inflammatory or locally advanced breast cancer were analyzed with respect to age, menopausal status, estrogen receptor protein (ERP) measurements, characteristics on clinical presentation, disease-free interval (DFI), and overall survival. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the patients’ clinical presentation, DFI, or overall survival time. Patients with inflammatory carcinoma were significantly younger as well as more likely to be pre- or perimenopausal than patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Of those patients who had ERP measurements performed, patients with inflammatory breast cancer had a significantly decreased incidence of ERP(+) tumors in comparison to patients with locally advanced breast cancer. These results suggest that inflammatory carcinoma of the breast behaves as an ERP(-) subtype of locally advanced breast carcinoma rather than a truly distinct entity.“
1985: Male Breast Cancer.
Wien Klin Wochenschr 1985 Dec 6;97(23):888-91 (in German), Schlappack OK, et al.
“Between 1974 and 1982 inclusive 18 male patients were treated for breast carcinoma. 12 patients had postoperative radiotherapy whereas 4 were referred for treatment of recurrent or metastatic disease. One patient showed signs of inflammatory breast cancer and was treated with chemo-radiotherapy and one was being followed up in our department after radiotherapy for prostatic cancer in 1970. Median overall survival was 52 months and the median disease-free interval was 21 months.“
1986: Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (protocol 6). II. Relation of local breast recurrence to multicentricity.
Cancer 1986 May 1;57(9):1717-24, Fisher, ER, et al.
“One hundred ten local breast recurrences were observed in 1108 pathologically evaluable patients enrolled in NSABP protocol 6 who were treated by lumpectomy and followed for 5 to 95 months (average, 39 months). Eighty-six percent and 95% of all local breast recurrences were noted within 4 and 5 years, respectively, following lumpectomy. Life table analysis revealed their incidence to be 24% for those not and 6% for those receiving lumpectomy and breast irradiation. One hundred four (95%) of the breast recurrences involved the mammary parenchyma and the remaining 6 (5%) involved the skin and/or nipple only. Eleven (10%) of the former were noninvasive. The most common (86%) presentation of breast recurrence appeared to be a localized mass within or close to the quadrant of the index cancer. In 14% the recurrence not only involved the same quadrant, but was more diffuse within the breast extending to remote areas as well. This type was characterized pathologically by marked intralymphatic extension as well as involvement of the overlying skin and/or nipple after the fashion of so-called inflammatory or occult inflammatory breast cancer. The recurrences noted in the skin and/or nipple only were also pathologically characterized by intralymphatic involvement at these sites in the majority of instances. These two forms of breast recurrences appear to reflect the localized growth of highly aggressive invasive breast cancers. The concordance of histologic types and grades of the index and recurrent cancers implies that such events represent growth of overlooked tumor, a deficiency attendant with lumpectomy due to the extreme multifocal nature (not multicentricity) of some breast cancers and/or inadequacies in evaluating the lines of resection of lumpectomy specimens. Sources of error in regard to this latter are identified and guidelines for the examination of such specimens, as well as the assessment of margins, are presented. The observation that local breast recurrences noted following lumpectomy occurred within or close to the same quadrant as the index cancer, despite the presence of multicentric noninvasive cancers in 10% of the patients treated by total mastectomy, minimizes the biological and clinical significance of multicentric foci of cancer present in some breast cancers. Cancer measuring greater than or equal to 2.0 cm, having high histologic and nuclear grades, or intralymphatic extension, were found to have a statistically significant association with local breast recurrence in all patients following lumpectomy. A converse relationship was noted with tubular and scar cancers of types 1 and 4.“
1986: Adenocarcinoma of the breast associated with silicone injections.
J Surg Oncol 1986 Jun;32(2):79-81, Timberlake, GA, et al.
“A 42-year-old woman developed inflammatory breast cancer in a breast with “silicone mastitis” 12 years after bilateral breast augmentation with liquid silicone injections. Despite aggressive local and systemic therapy, the patient died of her disease. Breast cancer arising in silicone-injected breasts is reported infrequently, and physicians caring for patients with silicone breast injection augmentation should be aware of this potentially fatal association with breast cancer.“
1987: Inflammatory Carcinoma of the Breast in a 12-year-Old Thai Girl
J Medass Thailand, Chamadol, W Montien, P, Puapairoj, A; 1987, 70(9):543-548
“Carcinoma of the breast in adults is a common disease. Male breast carcinoma accounts for approximately 1 per cent of all breast carcinoma. Carcinoma of the breast in a child or adolescent by contrast is extremely rare. The case presented here is of interest, since only one such case of childhood inflammatory carcinoma of the breast at this age has previously been reported in Thailand(1).”
Note: The authors’ reference is to Nichini FM, Goldman L, Lapayowker MS, et al. Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast in a 12-year-old girl. Arch Surg 1972; 105:505-508. The authors’ seem to suggest that the prior case was of a Thai girl reported in Thailand, whereas the case in the 1972 article is of a girl of unreported race and ethnicity, treated at Temple University Hospital and Health Sciences Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US.
“The lesion was precipitated by trauma and progressed rapidly, involving the whole breast showing a characteristic picture of inflammatory breast carcinoma. Multiple ipsilateral axillary nodes and supraclavicular node were present. Combined treatment by radiotherapy and chemotherapy could not control the disease and the patient died within 8 months after diagnosis and definite treatment began.“
“Case Report: A 12-year-old girl was referred from Nong Khai Provincial hospital to Srinagarind hospital on November 28, 1983. Her chief complaint was of a painful mass in the left breast for one month. Two months previously she had been struck by a football on her left breast. She noted mild pain and used analgesic balm to soothe it. A few days later a mass was palpable in her left breast, the size was about the size of the tip of her little finger, mobile and non-tender. She noticed that the mass enlarged gradually without any other symptoms. One month later it had rapidly enlarged, became tender and inflamed. Her mother brought her to the district hospital where a breast abscess was diagnosed and treated by incision and drainage but there was no pus. After treatment the mass continued to grow. The physician referred her to the provincial hospital. At the provincial hospital she was diagnosed to be stage III of left breast cancer and she was referred to Srinagarind hospital. Her development from childhood was normal and she had had no remarkable illnesses. Her mother is living, and well and there was no history of cancer in her family. The girl had not yet begun menstruating.“
“At Srinagarind hospital, physical examination revealed a normally developed girl with a bodyweight of 27.7 kg, and a height of 142 cm, slight anemia, no jaundice. There was a mass 12cm, in diameter, occupying the whole left breast. The surface skin was erythematous and edematous with some evidence of an eczematoid lesion. The nipple was retracted. There was a surgical scar on the lateral side of the breast. The mass was firm in consistency, tender and fixed to the skin and underlying muscles … A clinical diagnosis of inflammatory breast carcinoma was made and incisional biopsies of the left breast including skin and left supraclavicular lymph node were performed under local anesthesia.“
“The histological examination revealed that tumor cells had infiltrated breast stroma and invaded through the dermis. The section from the left supraclavicular lymph node revealed tumor cells of the same histology as were seen in the breast biopsy specimen. The pathological diagnosis was poorly differentiated, infiltrating breast carcinoma. Ultrastructure study was performed … and demonstrated ductal epithelial-like structure in these tumor cells. The final diagnosis was inflammatory breast carcinoma, poorly differentiated, ductal cell type.“
“Inflammatory breast carcinoma is a disease diagnosed by clinicopathological correlation. The clinical picture very closely resembles an acute inflammation of the breast and the characteristic pathology is infiltration of the subepidermal lymphatics and vessels by tumor cells. In this patient, the clinical picture was typical but the microscopic study could not demonstrate subepidermal lymphatics and vessels invasion due to high infiltration of tumor cells in dermis.“
1988: Radiological and ultrasonographical diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer.
Rays 1988 May-Aug;13(2):53-7, Bock, E, et al., no abstract available
1988: Secondary inflammatory breast cancer: treatment options. Note: Although the focus of this article is on treatment, and was published prior to 1995, it is included in this list because it includes a definition of “secondary inflammatory breast cancer.”
South Med J 1988 Dec;81(12):1512-7, Henderson, MA, et al.
“Patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) have either a short history of a tender, swollen, red breast (primary IBC) or skin changes that develop in the breast after a long history of carcinoma (secondary IBC). Between 1954 and 1981, 96 patients with secondary IBC were given radiotherapy (n = 66), chemotherapy and radiotherapy (n = 16), or surgery and chemotherapy (n = 14) at M. D. Anderson Hospital. The overall survival rate was 36% at five years and 18% at ten years. Patients with clinically negative axillary nodes fared better than patients with involved axillary nodes (median survival 90 and 25 months respectively; chi 2 = 11.71, P less than .001). Local/regional control was achieved in 63% of the radiotherapy group, 75% of the chemotherapy and radiotherapy group, and 93% of the surgery and chemotherapy group (chi 2 = 7.12, P greater than .03). No survival advantage could be found between the three treatment groups (median survival rate was 32, 28, and 36 months respectively; chi 2 = .789, P greater than .673). When we compared these patients with a group of patients who had primary IBC treated at this institution, we found no major differences in clinical course or survival rate. The distinction between primary and secondary IBC appears to be of little prognostic value.“
